In applications such as social, energy, transportation, sensor, and neuronal networks, high-dimensional data naturally reside on the vertices of weighted graphs. The emerging field of signal processing on graphs merges algebraic and spectral graph theoretic concepts with computational harmonic analysis to process such signals on graphs. In this tutorial overview, we outline the main challenges of the area, discuss different ways to define graph spectral domains, which are the analogues to the classical frequency domain, and highlight the importance of incorporating the irregular structures of graph data domains when processing signals on graphs. We then review methods to generalize fundamental operations such as filtering, translation, modulation, dilation, and downsampling to the graph setting, and survey the localized, multiscale transforms that have been proposed to efficiently extract information from high-dimensional data on graphs. We conclude with a brief discussion of open issues and possible extensions.

Importance: Social determinants of health (SDOH) are known to be associated with increased risk of suicidal behaviors, but few studies utilized SDOH from unstructured electronic health record (EHR) notes. Objective: To investigate associations between suicide and recent SDOH, identified using structured and unstructured data. Design: Nested case-control study. Setting: EHR data from the US Veterans Health Administration (VHA). Participants: 6,122,785 Veterans who received care in the US VHA between October 1, 2010, and September 30, 2015. Exposures: Occurrence of SDOH over a maximum span of two years compared with no occurrence of SDOH. Main Outcomes and Measures: Cases of suicide deaths were matched with 4 controls on birth year, cohort entry date, sex, and duration of follow-up. We developed an NLP system to extract SDOH from unstructured notes. Structured data, NLP on unstructured data, and combining them yielded seven, eight and nine SDOH respectively. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using conditional logistic regression. Results: In our cohort, 8,821 Veterans committed suicide during 23,725,382 person-years of follow-up (incidence rate 37.18 /100,000 person-years). Our cohort was mostly male (92.23%) and white (76.99%). Across the six common SDOH as covariates, NLP-extracted SDOH, on average, covered 84.38% of all SDOH occurrences. All SDOH, measured by structured data and NLP, were significantly associated with increased risk of suicide. The SDOH with the largest effects was legal problems (aOR=2.67, 95% CI=2.46-2.89), followed by violence (aOR=2.26, 95% CI=2.11-2.43). NLP-extracted and structured SDOH were also associated with suicide. Conclusions and Relevance: NLP-extracted SDOH were always significantly associated with increased risk of suicide among Veterans, suggesting the potential of NLP in public health studies.

Objective: Evictions are involved in a cascade of negative events that can lead to unemployment, homelessness, long-term poverty, and mental health problems. In this study, we developed a natural language processing system to automatically detect eviction incidences and their attributes from electronic health record (EHR) notes. Materials and Methods: We annotated eviction status in 5000 EHR notes from the Veterans Health Administration. We developed a novel model, called Knowledge Injection based on Ripple Effects of Social and Behavioral Determinants of Health (KIRESH), that has shown to substantially outperform other state-of-the-art models such as fine-tuning pre-trained language models like BioBERT and Bio_ClinicalBERT. Moreover, we designed a prompt to further improve the model performance by using the intrinsic connection between the two sub-tasks of eviction presence and period prediction. Finally, we used the Temperature Scaling-based Calibration on our KIRESH-Prompt method to avoid over-confidence issues arising from the imbalance dataset. Results: KIRESH-Prompt achieved a Macro-F1 of 0.6273 (presence) and 0.7115 (period), which was significantly higher than 0.5382 (presence) and 0.67167 (period) for just fine-tuning Bio_ClinicalBERT model. Conclusion and Future Work: KIRESH-Prompt has substantially improved eviction status classification. In future work, we will evaluate the generalizability of the model framework to other applications.

The introduction of relevant physical information into neural network architectures has become a widely used and successful strategy for improving their performance. In lattice gauge theories, such information can be identified with gauge symmetries, which are incorporated into the network layers of our recently proposed Lattice Gauge Equivariant Convolutional Neural Networks (L-CNNs). L-CNNs can generalize better to differently sized lattices than traditional neural networks and are by construction equivariant under lattice gauge transformations. In these proceedings, we present our progress on possible applications of L-CNNs to Wilson flow or continuous normalizing flow. Our methods are based on neural ordinary differential equations which allow us to modify link configurations in a gauge equivariant manner. For simplicity, we focus on simple toy models to test these ideas in practice.

当个人指出或谈论其他人的话语时，语言永久不平等的能力最为明显。尽管当前对NLP中偏见的研究主要依赖于对特定群体的仇恨言论或偏见，但我们认为我们可以通过建模说话者，文本和目标来对偏见与语言使用之间的相互作用的相互作用更加微妙和细微的理解在文字中。在本文中，我们介绍了一个由美国国会议员注释的3033个英语推文的数据集，并介绍了人际情绪的注释，并对人际关系成员标签进行了“找到监督”。我们发现，诸如愤怒和厌恶之类的负面情绪主要用于群体外部情况，主要针对对方领导人。虽然人类可以表现出色，而不是鉴定人际群体成员资格的机会，但神经模型的表现要好得多。此外，人际关系成员资格和人际关系情感之间的共同编码使后者有一些表现的提高。这项工作旨在将NLP中偏见的研究从特定的偏见中重新调整为封装说话者，文本，目标和社会动态之间关系的偏见。本文的数据和代码可从https://github.com/venkatasg/interpersonal-dynamics获得

无监督的分布对准估计了一个转换，该转换将两个或多个源分布映射到只有从每个分布中的样品的共享对齐分布。该任务具有许多应用程序，包括生成建模，无监督的领域适应和社会意识学习。大多数先前的作品都使用对抗性学习（即，最小最大优化），这可能是优化和评估的挑战。最近的一些作品探讨了非对抗性流（即可逆）方法，但它们缺乏统一的观点，并且在有效地对齐多个分布方面受到限制。因此，我们建议在单个非对抗性框架下统一和推广基于流动的方法，我们证明这相当于最大程度地减少詹森 - 香农脱落（JSD）上的上限。重要的是，我们的问题减少到最小值，即合作，问题，可以为无监督分布对准提供自然评估指标。我们在模拟和现实世界数据集上介绍了框架的经验结果，以证明我们的方法的好处。

尽管对连续数据的归一流流进行了广泛的研究，但直到最近才探索了离散数据的流量。然而，这些先前的模型遭受了与连续流的局限性。最值得注意的是，由于离散函数的梯度不确定或零，因此不能直接优化基于流动的模型。先前的作品近似离散功能的伪级，但不能在基本层面上解决该问题。除此之外，与替代离散算法（例如决策树算法）相比，反向传播可能是计算繁重的。我们的方法旨在减轻计算负担，并通过基于决策树开发离散流程来消除对伪级的需求，这是基于有效的基于树的基于有效的树的方法进行分类和回归的离散数据。我们首先定义了树结构化置换（TSP），该置换量（TSP）紧凑地编码离散数据的排列，其中逆向易于计算；因此，我们可以有效地计算密度值并采样新数据。然后，我们提出了一种决策树算法来构建TSP，该TSP通过新标准在每个节点上学习树结构和排列。我们从经验上证明了我们在多个数据集上方法的可行性。

给定一个较小的培训数据集和学习算法，要达到目标验证或测试性能需要多少数据？这个问题至关重要，在诸如自动驾驶或医学成像之类的应用中，收集数据昂贵且耗时。高估或低估数据需求会带来大量费用，而预算可以避免。关于神经缩放定律的先前工作表明，幂律函数可以符合验证性能曲线并将其推断为较大的数据集大小。我们发现，这并不能立即转化为估计所需数据集大小以满足目标性能的更困难的下游任务。在这项工作中，我们考虑了一系列的计算机视觉任务，并系统地研究了一个概括功能功能的功能家族，以便更好地估算数据需求。最后，我们表明，结合调整的校正因子并在多个回合中收集会显着提高数据估计器的性能。使用我们的准则，从业人员可以准确估算机器学习系统的数据要求，以节省开发时间和数据采集成本。

天然有组织的系统适应内部和外部压力，这似乎一直在下降。想清楚地思考这个想法会激发我们的论文，因此在引言中广泛阐述了这个想法，哲学上有利的受众应该可以广泛地使用。在其余部分中，我们转向更加压缩的类别理论。我们定义了动态组织的单体双重类别$ \ mathbf {org} $，我们提供了$ \ mathbf {org} $的定义 - 富集或“动态”，分类结构 - 例如。动态类别，目录和单体类别 - 我们展示了它们如何实例化激励的哲学思想。我们给出了两个动态分类结构的示例：作为动态奥运会的预测市场和作为动态单体类别的深度学习。

最近，在气象学中使用机器学习大大增加了。尽管许多机器学习方法并不是什么新鲜事物，但有关机器学习的大学课程在很大程度上是气象学专业的学生，​​不需要成为气象学家。缺乏正式的教学导致人们认为机器学习方法是“黑匣子”，因此最终用户不愿在每天的工作流程中应用机器学习方法。为了减少机器学习方法的不透明性，并降低了对气象学中机器学习的犹豫，本文对一些最常见的机器学习方法进行了调查。一个熟悉的气象示例用于将机器学习方法背景化，同时还使用普通语言讨论机器学习主题。证明了以下机器学习方法：线性回归；逻辑回归；决策树；随机森林；梯度增强了决策树；天真的贝叶斯；并支持向量机。除了讨论不同的方法外，本文还包含有关通用机器学习过程的讨论以及最佳实践，以使读者能够将机器学习应用于自己的数据集。此外，所有代码（以Jupyter笔记本电脑和Google Colaboratory Notebooks的形式）用于在论文中进行示例，以促进气象学中的机器学习使用。